Treatment of Homosexuality in Restoration and Enlightenment

Treatment of Homosexuality in Restoration and Enlightenment Homosexuality and the Problem of Identification in Restoration and Enlightenment England Rebuilding and Enlightenment England certainly acquired, and to an enormous degree carried on the social, strict, and lawful partialities, or limitations towards gay men that previously existed for a long time. The articulated and broad emotions against homosexuality in England which could be viewed as homophobic, as else where were unequivocally identified with Christian religious philosophy and its solid impact after winning social mentalities. There are a few through and through and away from of homosexuality in both the Old and New Testaments that impacted Christian religious philosophy to disprove homosexuality as a profoundly corrupt and unethical act.[1] Outside of Judeo-Christian religious philosophy and belief system, homosexuality had not generally been censured or ethically and socially criticized. To be sure in traditional Greece and Rome being transparently gay apparently left men without impeding social, strict, or lawful outcomes, which implied that couple of men had t ried to conceal their gay personalities, sentiments, exercises, and ways of life. All that had changed once Christianity had become the prevailing religion all through Europe and encouraged that homosexuality was anomalous and evil conduct, and prompted activities which were ethically indefensible.[2] The Renaissance had revived enthusiasm for traditional Greek and Roman craftsmanship, writing, and figure, which in parts referenced homosexuality as an ordinary and un-corrupt piece of regular day to day existence. A unintended side-effect of the Renaissance had been the acknowledgment that male homosexuality had not generally been socially, or strictly untouchable, and that it had not thusly been unlawful in old style Greece or Rome. These prior social orders had not held gay men in scorn or made them social outcasts’ yet they should be unethical and degenerate contrasted with Christian social orders. The acknowledgment that just Judeo-Christian social orders were so prevalent ly homophobic gave a catalyst to gay men to change their social orders by contending that they were allowed to picked how they experienced their lives and were not very corrupted. The underlying moves to permit gay men to live transparently began in Southern Europe before having an effect in Renaissance and Enlightenment England.[3] Apparently the Reformation upset the changing impacts of the Renaissance, yet would in the long run lead to expanded degrees of secularization, and to the more liberal scholastic, social, and logical mentalities of the Enlightenment. The more prompt outcomes of the Reformation was expanded endeavors to free Western European social orders of bogus philosophy and purge it of shamelessness, for example, homosexuality, in spite of the fact that the subsequent clashes between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism got the most consideration among peers and history specialists alike.[4] In England the beginning of the Reformation had not adjusted the troublesome circumstances that gay men confronted in the event that they wished to live their lives straightforwardly. That was because of the Protestants whether inside the Church of England or the non-traditionalists outside of it being instead of male homosexuality as the Roman Catholic Church had consistently been. For the houses of worship, gay musings or wants were similarly as wicked as really performing gay acts. Nonetheless if gay men abstained from following up on their wants they would in any event get away from natural discipline for their transgressions, which would be decided by God on their Judgment Day. Gay men either needed to shroud their sexual inclinations or deny them totally. For they had for all intents and purposes no option in contrast to hiding their direction or sex recognizable pieces of proof, and driving secret private lives. Concealing sexual direction could have a significant effect between been socially and monetarily fruitful or been disfavored, and conceivably executed. Gossipy tidbits about being gay could end up being ruinous whether such charges were demonstrated or not. On the off chance that genuine gay acts could be demonstrated to have occurred certain in an English Crown Court it is lethal to those indicted. The high dangers engaged with having a gay existence even stealthily assis ts with clarifying the absence of proof that gay men deserted about themselves, as leaving data recorded as a hard copy or conversing with an inappropriate people could leave to being indicted and afterward executed.[5] The camouflage of gay recognizable proof was all around viewed as fundamental in England preceding the Restoration and Enlightenment periods, and remained exceptionally significant all through those occasions. For men that held incredible social, financial, political, and strict positions being openly recognized or just reputed to be a gay could end up being awful for the support of their position. Such gossipy tidbits could arrive at the highest point of the political, social, and strict requests. During the 1590s until his demise, even the Archbishop of Canterbury, John Whitgift went under doubt of being explicitly associated with another man. Whitgift was fortunate enough to keep up the certainty of Elizabeth I just as James I and thusly was not disfavored or expelled from his post. Pastorate must be beyond reproach of improper sexual direct whether gay or hetero in nature. The way that England as a Protestant nation permitted administrative marriage implied that the pastorate cou ld satisfy hetero needs through marriage, while gay church on the off chance that they existed needed to lecture the lessons of a religion that loathed their sexuality.[6] The higher position a man held the more noteworthy the exertion he would have placed into concealing his gay direction and recognizable proof. For example, in the fourteenth century Edward II’s known homosexuality, when joined with his political idiocy added to his expulsion from the seat, and his ensuing homicide. Rulers were relied upon to be more manly than some other men inside society are, as they were required to lead their nations during wartime, for rulers to be suspected or known to be gay was hindering for their odds of ruling over their nations effectively. Closer to the Restoration and Enlightenment times, the Duke of Buckingham was generally accepted to have become the most persuasive and amazing imperial top choice, also the main pastor by means of his reputed gay relationship with James I. Buckingham figured out how to shape a likewise cozy relationship with Charles I, who appeared to be unmindful of the Duke’s disagreeability and inadequacy. Gossipy tidb its about homosexuality didn't harm Buckingham as much as his awkwardness, yet they didn't help improve his prevalence either.[7] For gay men in Restoration and Enlightenment England, their social, political, and strict prohibition if their sexual direction got open information was owing to the manner by which homosexuality was viewed as being commensurate to homosexuality by a larger part of the hetero populace. Homosexuality was esteemed to be as genuine a transgression as sin and black magic, as the meaning of homosexuality joined all explicitly degenerate acts.[8] In prior periods, guys found submitting gay acts were typically trialed and rebuffed by Church courts. The law was changed in 1534 all together for individuals blamed for buggery to be trialed by Crown courts. The enactment of 1534 made it much progressively risky for male gay people to be known as being explicitly dynamic, or even to have their direction known. The most extreme discipline for any man got and sentenced for this wrongdoing was execution. In this way making buggery a wrongdoing deserving of death, in accordance with the sentences fo r apostasy and black magic. The main contrast was that the act of executing blasphemers and asserted witches had passed before the finish of the Enlightenment time, though the completing of gay exercises was as yet a capital offense until 1861 and a wrongdoing until the 1960s[9]. Promptly before the Restoration time frame had been the Commonwealth, which had endeavored to thoroughly authorize all good and strict qualities to meet with its fundamentalist Protestant philosophy, including all hetero and gay sex outside of marriage. While the Puritanical system roused by Oliver Cromwell had proposed to purify the entire of Britain of its wrongdoings, it fizzled. During the Commonwealth time frame hetero miscreants just as good Anglicans needed to lead stealthy presences simply like gay people and Roman Catholics had accomplished for some decades.[10] Charles II’s come back from oust introduced the time of the Restoration, which brought an unwinding of the draconian good codes of the Commonwealth, particularly in the Royal Court. In spite of his own shameless conduct, Charles II just went similarly as needing strict toleration as opposed to authoritatively supporting an unwinding of good and sexual principles of conduct. Indeed, even had Charles wished to i mprove the legitimate situation of gay men he would have not been set up to confront open and Parliamentary restriction to such plans.[11] Whilst the Restoration may have implied a progressively loosened up moral demeanor at the Royal Court, there was no adjustment in the lawful situation of men discovered performing gay acts.[12] Concealment of gay ID or the insurance of men in high social and strict positions was the most ideal approach to avoid arraignment and at last execution.[13] Living in towns and urban areas as a rule and in London specifically improved the odds of gay men not being gotten, and driving an all the more satisfying existence.[14] Gay men to a staggering degree freely seemed to fit in with the sex good examples during the Restoration and Enlightenment times in England. As not complying with traditional sexual orientation good examples would have uncovered their way of life as gay men, numerous in this way chose to conceal their actual personality to keep away from oppression and their

GBH liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GBH risk - Essay Example Segment 42 of the OAPA 1861 asserted that an assault is submitted on account of unlawful viciousness or brutality focused on someone else. This announcement was updated by the CIA in 1988. The activity of brutality was plainly expressed and under which condition this area was important. Viciousness carried out to an individual under unlawful methods is a wrongdoing as this will jeopardize the life of the victim.Sarah’s agree to sexual intercourseDespite Sarah’s endorsement to sexual relations, she was uninformed of Richard’s HIV status. She didn't agree to be contaminated with the HIV. Richard submitted offense as he intentionally transmitted the HIV to Sarah. This was with the information that it would result to a hazardous condition to Sarah.â â According to this case in issues relating R v Clarence and R v Dica, while it is suitable regarding sexual assent, it doesn't address the make a difference of acknowledgment to the danger of offensive body impedance. This might be because of sexual relations by methods of explicitly transmitted contaminations.. In the two cases, the litigants didn't illuminate their accomplices that they had the HIV. The accomplices additionally were uninformed of the status of their sexual accomplices. Sarah was oblivious of Richard’s sexual transmitted infection condition. Sarah agreed to sex, however she didn't agree to the danger of the viral contamination. For a sexual partner’s agree to the perils of getting the HIV to be legitimate; the endorsement of the other accomplice should be an educated assent (Card et al, 2012). Haircutting issue Sarah was unsettled that Richard trim her hair; she selected to stay calm on this subject. She weighted her affection feelings for Richard and stayed quiet. Sarah didn't agree to her hair being trimmed; this is viewed as real body damage to Sarah.

Looking For High Quality 6th Grade Essay Samples?

Looking For High Quality 6th Grade Essay Samples?One thing that you will find with most of the essay samples available is that they are of a high quality. This is not to say that there are not low quality ones available, but the ones that are high quality are worth paying for. With that said, you want to be sure that you choose one that can make your job easier.The best way to get high quality essays that can be used in an essay writing class or for the SAT or ACT, is to look for them on the internet. The good news is that there are several different websites that offer them for students that are interested in writing their own essays. For many, these essay writing software programs are not always very easy to use, but once you get it working, you'll be amazed at how easy it is to put together your own high quality essay.Because of the easy use of this type of software, you may be wondering just what kind of high quality essays can be produced. The thing to remember is that if the es say is of high quality, it will be something that students are proud to present in front of their professors. They may even be able to write their own tests based on the essay.If you can produce high quality essays that can be used in high school, colleges, or college admissions tests, you will find that you will have a major advantage in your life. It will be a good feeling to know that you made the grade and that you passed a test. You will also be able to use that same essay in your everyday life, which will help your grades.If you want to take advantage of some of the best essay samples available, you will want to look for them online. These high quality essay software programs will help make your life much easier, so you'll want to be sure that you find some that are easy to use. Many of them come with prompts, but you may want to choose something that can be filled in by you as well.When you find some that you like, you'll want to make sure that they are going to be of high qu ality as well. You'll want to check out the selection of essays available and make sure that the writers are all very good. You will want to do this because you will want to ensure that the work is of the highest quality possible.When you get a good one, you will want to check it out in the essay writing software that it comes with. There are often certain features that you will be able to access that you can use to help improve your essays. You should read the instructions on how to access these features to make sure that you are using them correctly.If you want to improve your grades and have a better chance of getting into college, you will want to choose an essay writing software that is going to give you the best quality possible. There are many different companies that are available that can help you find the best ones. When you use one of these, you will be guaranteed that your essays will be written well.

Asset And Liability Management Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4502 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? ASSET AND LIABILITY MANAGEMENT In banking, asset and liability management (ALM) is used to manage the risks that arise due to mismatches between the assets and liabilities (debts and assets) of the bank. Banks face several risks like the liquidity risk, market risk, interest rate risk, credit risk and operational risk. Asset Liability management (ALM) is a strategic management tool to manage interest rate risk and liquidity risk faced by banks, other financial services companies and corporations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Asset And Liability Management Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order Banks manage the risks of Asset liability mismatch by matching the assets and liabilities according to the maturity pattern or the matching the duration, by hedging and by securitization. Asset and liability management remain high-priority areas for bank regulators, with an emphasis on management of market risk, liquidity risk, and credit risk. Asset/liability managers face the challenge of keeping pace with industry changes as new areas of risk are identified and new tools and models are developed to help measure and manage risk. In other words Asset-Liability Management (ALM) can be known as a risk management technique designed to earn an adequate return while maintaining a comfortable surplus of assets beyond liabilities. It takes into consideration interest rates, earning power, and degree of willingness to take on debt and hence is also known as Surplus Management. But in the last decade the meaning of asset liability management has evolved. It is now used in many di fferent ways under different contexts. ALM, which was actually pioneered by financial institutions and banks, are now widely being used in industries too. The Society of Actuaries Task Force on ALM Principles, Canada, offers the following definition for ALM: Asset Liability Management is the on-going process of formulating, implementing, monitoring, and revising strategies related to assets and liabilities in an attempt to achieve financial objectives for a given set of risk tolerances and constraints. Basis of Asset-Liability Management Traditionally, banks and insurance companies used accrual system of accounting for all their assets and liabilities. They would take on liabilities such as deposits, life insurance policies or annuities. They would then invest the proceeds from these liabilities in assets such as loans, bonds or real estate. All these assets and liabilities were held at book value. Doing so disguised possible risks arising from how the assets and liabilities were structured. Consider a bank that borrows 1 Crore (100 Lakhs) at 6 % for a year and lends the same money at 7 % to a highly rated borrower for 5 years. The net transaction appears profitable the bank is earning a 100 basis point spread but it entails considerable risk. At the end of a year, the bank will have to find new financing for the loan, which will have 4 more years before it matures. If interest rates have risen, the bank may have to pay a higher rate of interest on the new financing than the fixed 7 % it is earning on its loan. Suppose, at the end of a year, an applicable 4-year interest rate is 8 %. The bank is in serious trouble. It is going to earn 7 % on its loan but would have to pay 8 % on its financing. Accrual accounting does not recognize this problem. Based upon accrual accounting, the bank would earn Rs 100,000 in the first year although in the preceding years it is going to incur a loss. The problem in this example was caused by a mismatch between assets and liabilities. Prior to the 1970s, such mismatches tended not to be a significant problem. Interest rates in developed countries experienced only modest fluctuations, so losses due to asset-liability mismatches were small or trivial. Many firms intentionally mismatched their balance sheets and as yield curves were generally upward sloping, banks could earn a spread by borrowing short and lending long. Things started to change in the 1970s, which ushered in a period of volatile interest rates that continued till the early 1980s. US r egulations which had capped the interest rates so that banks could pay depositors, was abandoned which led to a migration of dollar deposit overseas. Managers of many firms, who were accustomed to thinking in terms of accrual accounting, were slow to recognize this emerging risk. Some firms suffered staggering losses. Because the firms used accrual accounting, it resulted in more of crippled balance sheets than bankruptcies. Firms had no options but to accrue the losses over a subsequent period of 5 to 10 years. One example, which drew attention, was that of US mutual life insurance company The Equitable. During the early 1980s, as the USD yield curve was inverted with short-term interest rates sky rocketing, the company sold a number of long-term Guaranteed Interest Contracts (GICs) guaranteeing rates of around 16% for periods up to 10 years.Equitable then invested the assets short-term to earn the high interest rates guaranteed on the contracts. But short-term interest rates so on came down. When the Equitable had to reinvest, it couldnt get even close to the interest rates it was paying on the GICs. The firm was crippled. Eventually, it had to demutualize and was acquired by the Axa Group. Increasingly banks and asset management companies started to focus on Asset-Liability Risk.The problem was not that the value of assets might fall or that the value of liabilities might rise. It was that capital might be depleted by narrowing of the difference between assets and liabilities and that the values of assets and liabilities might fail to move in tandem. Asset-liability risk is predominantly a leveraged form of risk. The capital of most financial institutions is small relative to the firms assets or liabilities, and so small percentage changes in assets or liabilities can translate into large percentage changes in capital. Accrual accounting could disguise the problem by deferring losses into the future, but it could not solve the problem.Firms responde d by forming asset-liability management (ALM) departments to assess these asset-liability risk. Techniques for assessing Asset-Liability Risk Techniques for assessing asset-liability risk came to include Gap Analysis and Duration Analysis. These facilitated techniques of managing gaps and matching duration of assets and liabilities. Both approaches worked well if assets and liabilities comprised fixed cash flows. But cases of callable debts, home loans and mortgages which included optio.ns of prepayment and floating rates, posed problems that gap analysis could not address. Duration analysis could address these in theory, but implementing sufficiently sophisticated duration measures was problematic Accordingly, banks and insurance companies started using Scenario Analysis. Under this technique assumptions were made on various conditions, for example: * Several interest rate scenarios were specified for the next 5 or 10 years. These specified conditions like declining rates, rising rates, a gradual decrease in rates followed by a sudden rise, etc. Ten or twenty scenarios could be specified in all. * Assumptions were made about the performance of assets and liabilities under each scenario. They included prepayment rates on mortgages or surrender rates on insurance products. * Assumptions were also made about the firms performance-the rates at which new business would be acquired for various products, demand for the product. * Market conditions and economic factors like inflation rates and industrial cycles were also included. * Based upon these assumptions, the performance of the firms balance sheet could be projected under each scenario. If projected performance was poor under specific scenarios, the ALM committee would adjust assets or liabilities to address the indicated exposure. Let us consider the procedure for sanctioning a commercial loan. The borrower, who approaches the bank, has to appraise the banks credit department on various parameters like industry prospects, operational efficiency, financial efficiency, management qualities and other things, which would influence t he working of the company. On the basis of this appraisal, the banks would then prepare a credit-grading sheet after covering all the aspects of the company and the business in which the company is in. Then the borrower would then be charged a certain rate of interest, which would cover the risk of lending. * But the main shortcoming of scenario analysis was that, it was highly dependent on the choice of scenarios. It also required that many assumptions were to be made about how specific assets or liabilities will perform under specific scenario. Gradually the firms recognized a potential for different type of risks, which was overlooked in ALM analyses. Also the deregulation of the interest rates in US in mid 70 s compelled the banks to undertake active planning for the structure of the balance sheet. The uncertainty of interest rate movements gave rise to Interest Rate Risk thereby causing banks to look for processes to manage this risk. In the wake of interest rate risk came L iquidity Risk and Credit Risk, which became inherent components of risk for banks. The recognition of these risks brought Asset Liability Management to the centre-stage of financial intermediation. Today even Equity Risk, which until a few years ago was given only honorary mention in all but a few company ALM reports, is now an indispensable part of ALM for most companies.. Some companies have gone even further to include Counterparty Credit Risk, Sovereign Risk, as well as Product Design and Pricing Risk as part of their overall ALM. * Now a days a company has different reasons for doing ALM. While some companies view ALM as a compliance and risk mitigation exercise, others have started using ALM as strategic framework to achieve the companys financial objectives. Some of the business reasons companies now state for implementing an effective ALM framework include gaining competitive advantage and increasing the value of the organization. Asset-Liability Management Approach ALM in its most apparent sense is based on funds management. Funds management represents the core of sound bank planning and financial management. Although funding practices, techniques, and norms have been revised substantially in recent years, it is not a new concept. Funds management is the process of managing the spread between interest earned and interest paid while ensuring adequate liquidity. Therefore, funds management has following three components, which have been discussed briefly. A. Liquidity Management Liquidity represents the ability to accommodate decreases in liabilities and to fund increases in assets. An organization has adequate liquidity when it can obtain sufficient funds, either by increasing liabilities or by converting assets, promptly and at a reasonable cost. Liquidity is essential in all organizations to compensate for expected and unexpected balance sheet fluctuations and to provide funds for growth. The price of liquidity is a function of market conditions and market perception of the risks, both interest rate and credit risks, reflected in the balance sheet and off-balance sheet activities in the case of a bank. If liquidity needs are not met through liquid asset holdings, a bank may be forced to restructure or acquire additional liabilities under adverse market conditions. Liquidity exposure can stem from both internally (institution-specific) and externally generated factors. Sound liquidity risk management should address both types of exposure. External liquid ity risks can be geographic, systemic or instrument-specific. Internal liquidity risk relates largely to the perception of an institution in its various markets: local, regional, national or international. Determination of the adequacy of a banks liquidity position depends upon an analysis of its: * Historical funding requirements * Current liquidity position * Anticipated future funding needs * Sources of funds * Present and anticipated asset quality * Present and future earnings capacity * Present and planned capital position As all banks are affected by changes in the economic climate, the monitoring of economic and money market trends is key to liquidity planning. Sound financial management can minimize the negative effects of these trends while accentuating the positive ones. Management must also have an effective contingency plan that identifies minimum and maximum liquidity needs and weighs alternative courses of action designed to meet those needs. T he cost of maintaining liquidity is another important prerogative. An institution that maintains a strong liquidity position may do so at the opportunity cost of generating higher earnings. The amount of liquid assets a bank should hold depends on the stability of its deposit structure and the potential for rapid expansion of its loan portfolio. If deposit accounts are composed primarily of small stable accounts, a relatively low allowance for liquidity is necessary. Additionally, management must consider the current ratings by regulatory and rating agencies when planning liquidity needs. Once liquidity needs have been determined, management must decide how to meet them through asset management, liability management, or a combination of both. B. Asset Management Many banks (primarily the smaller ones) tend to have little influence over the size of their total assets. Liquid assets enable a bank to provide funds to satisfy increased demand for loans. But banks, which rely solely on asset management, concentrate on adjusting the price and availability of credit and the level of liquid assets. However, assets that are often assumed to be liquid are sometimes difficult to liquidate. For example, investment securities may be pledged against public deposits or repurchase agreements, or may be heavily depreciated because of interest rate changes. Furthermore, the holding of liquid assets for liquidity purposes is less attractive because of thin profit spreads. Asset liquidity, or how salable the banks assets are in terms of both time and cost, is of primary importance in asset management. To maximize profitability, management must carefully weigh the full return on liquid assets (yield plus liquidity value) against the higher return associated with less liquid assets. Income derived from higher yielding assets may be offset if a forced sale, at less than book value, is necessary because of adverse balance sheet fluctuations. Seasonal, cyclical, or other factors may cause aggregate outstanding loans and deposits to move in opposite directions and result in loan demand, which exceeds available deposit funds. A bank relying strictly on asset management would restrict loan growth to that which could be supported by available deposits. The decision whether or not to use liability sources should be based on a complete analysis of seasonal, cyclical, and other factors, and the costs involved. In addition to supplementing asset liquidity, liability sources of liquidity may serve as an alternative even when asset sources are available. C. Liability Management Liquidity needs can be met through the discretionary acquisition of funds on the basis of interest rate competition. This does not preclude the option of selling assets to meet funding needs, and conceptually, the availability of asset and liability options should result in a lower liquidity maintenance cost. The alternative costs of available discretionary liabilities can be compared to the opportunity cost of selling various assets. The major difference between liquidity in larger banks and in smaller banks is that larger banks are better able to control the level and composition of their liabilities and assets. When funds are required, larger banks have a wider variety of options from which to select the least costly method of generating funds. The ability to obtain additional liabilities represents liquidity potential. The marginal cost of liquidity and the cost of incremental funds acquired are of paramount importance in evaluating liability sources of liquidity. Consideration must be given to such factors as the frequency with which the banks must regularly refinance maturing purchased liabilities, as well as an evaluation of the banks ongoing ability to obtain funds under normal market conditions. The obvious difficulty in estimating the latter is that, until the bank goes to the market to borrow, it cannot determine with complete certainty that funds will be available and/or at a price, which will maintain a positive yield spread. Changes in money market conditions may cause a rapid deterioration in a banks capacity to borrow at a favorable rate. In this context, liquidity represents the ability to attract funds in the market when needed, at a reasonable cost vis-Ã  -vis asset yield. The access to discretionary funding sources for a bank is always a function of its position and reputation in the money markets. Although the acquisition of funds at a competitive cost has enabled many banks to meet expanding customer loan demand, misuse or imprope r implementation of liability management can have severe consequences. Further, liability management is not riskless. This is because concentrations in funding sources increase liquidity risk. For example, a bank relying heavily on foreign interbank deposits will experience funding problems if overseas markets perceive instability in U.S. banks or the economy. Replacing foreign source funds might be difficult and costly because the domestic market may view the banks sudden need for funds negatively. Again over-reliance on liability management may cause a tendency to minimize holdings of short-term securities, relax asset liquidity standards, and result in a large concentration of short-term liabilities supporting assets of longer maturity. During times of tight money, this could cause an earnings squeeze and an illiquid condition. Also if rate competition develops in the money market, a bank may incur a high cost of funds and may elect to lower credit standards to book higher yie lding loans and securities. If a bank is purchasing liabilities to support assets, which are already on its books, the higher cost of purchased funds may result in a negative yield spread. Preoccupation with obtaining funds at the lowest possible cost, without considering maturity distribution, greatly intensifies a banks exposure to the risk of interest rate fluctuations. That is why banks who particularly rely on wholesale funding sources, management must constantly be aware of the composition, characteristics, and diversification of its funding sources. Procedure for Examination of Asset Liability Management In order to determine the efficacy of Asset Liability Management one has to follow a comprehensive procedure of reviewing different aspects of internal control, funds management and financial ratio analysis. Below a step-by-step approach of ALM examination in case of a bank has been outlined. Step 1 The bank/ financial statements and internal management reports should be reviewed to assess the asset/liability mix with particular emphasis on. * Total liquidity position (Ratio of highly liquid assets to total assets) * Current liquidity position (Minimum ratio of highly liquid assets to demand liabilities/deposits) * Ratio of Non Performing Assets to Total Assets * Ratio of loans to deposits * Ratio of short-term demand deposits to total deposits * Ratio of long-term loans to short term demand deposits * Ratio of contingent liabilities for loans to total loans * Ratio of pledged securities to total securities Step 2 It is to be determined that whether bank management adequately assesses and plans its liquidity needs and whether the bank has short-term sources of funds. This should include * Review of internal management reports on liquidity needs and sources of satisfying these need.. * Assessing the banks ability to meet liquidity needs Step 3 The banks future development and expansion plans, with focus on funding and liquidity management aspects has to be looked into. This entails. * Determining whether bank management has effectively addressed the issue of need for liquid assets to funding sources on a long-term basis. * Reviewing the banks budget projections for a certain period of time in the future. * Determining whether the bank really needs to expand its activities. What are the sources of funding for such expansion and whether there are projections of changes in the banks asset and liability structure. * Assessing the banks development plans and determining whether the bank will be able to attract planned funds and achieve the projected asset growth. * Determining whether the bank has included sensitivity to interest rate risk in the development of its long term funding strategy. Step 4 Examining the banks internal audit report in regards to quality and effectiveness in terms of liquidity management. Step 5 Reviewing the banks plan of satisfying unanticipated liquidity needs by. * Determining whether the banks management assessed the potential expenses that the bank will have as a result of unanticipated financial or operational problems. * Determining the alternative sources of funding liquidity and/or assets subject to necessity. * Determining the impact of the banks liquidity management on net earnings position. Step 6 Preparing an Asset/Liability Management Internal Control Questionnaire which should include the following Whether the board of directors has been consistent with its duties and responsibilities and included o A line of authority for liquidity management decisions. o A mechanism to coordinate asset and liability management decisions. o A method to identify liquidity needs and the means to meet those needs. o Guidelines for the level of liquid assets and other sources of funds in relationship to needs. Does the planning and budgeting function consider liquidity requirements. Are the internal management reports for liquidity management adequate in terms of effective decision making and monitoring of decisions. Are internal management reports concerning liquidity needs prepared regularly and reviewed as appropriate by senior management and the board of directors. Whether the banks policy of asset and liability management prohibits or defines certain restrictions fo r attracting borrowed means from bank related persons (organizations) in order to satisfy liquidity needs. Does the banks policy of asset and liability management provide for an adequate control over the position of contingent liabilities of the bank. Is the foregoing information considered an adequate basis for evaluating internal control in that there are no significant deficiencies in areas not covered in this questionnaire that impair any controls. Guidelines on Asset-Liability Management (ALM) System -Amendments Reserve Bank had issued guidelines on ALM system vide Circular dated February 10, 1999, which covered, among others, interest rate risk and liquidity risk measurement / reporting framework and prudential limits. As a measure of liquidity management, banks are required to monitor their cumulative mismatches across all time buckets in their Statement of Structural Liquidity by establishing internal prudential limits with the approval of the Board / Management Committee. As per the guidelines, the mismatches (negative gap) during the time buckets of 1-14 days and 15-28 days in the normal course, are not to exceed 20 per cent of the cash outflows in the respective time buckets. 2. Having regard to the international practices, the level of sophistication of banks in India and the need for a sharper assessment of the efficacy of liquidity management, Reserve Bank of India has reviewed guidelines on 24th October 2007 and decided that : (a) the banks may adopt a more granular approac h to measurement of liquidity risk by splitting the first time bucket (1-14 days at present) in the Statement of Structural Liquidity into three time buckets viz. Next day , 2-7 days and 8-14 days. (b) the Statement of Structural Liquidity may be compiled on best available data coverage, in due consideration of non-availability of a fully networked environment.Banks may, however, make concerted and requisite efforts to ensure coverage of 100 per cent data in a timely manner. (c) the net cumulative negative mismatches during the Next day, 2-7 days, 8-14 days and 15-28 days buckets should not exceed 5 % ,10%, 15 % and 20 % of the cumulative cash outflows in the respective time buckets in order to recognise the cumulative impact on liquidity. (d) banks may undertake dynamic liquidity management and should prepare the Statement of Structural Liquidity on daily basis. The Statement of Structural Liquidity, may, however, be reported to RBI, once a month, as on the third Wednesday of every month. 3. The format of Statement of Structural Liquidity has been revised suitably and is furnished. The guidance for slotting the future cash flows of banks in the revised time buckets has also been suitably modified and is furnished at Annex II. 4. To enable the banks to fine tune their existing MIS as per the modified guidelines, the revised norms as well as the supervisory reporting as per the revised format would commence with effect from the period beginning January 1, 2008 and the reporting frequency would continue to be monthly for the present. However, the frequency of supervisory reporting of the Structural Liquidity position shall be fortnightly, with effect from the fortnight beginning April 1, 2008. Asset Liability Management in Indian Context The post-reform banking scenario in India was marked by interest rate deregulation, entry of new private banks, and gamut of new products along with greater use of information technolog.To cope with these pressures banks were required to evolve strategies rather than ad hoc solutions. Recognising the need of Asset Liability management to develop a strong and sound banking.system, the RBI has come out with ALM guidelines for banks and FIs in April 1999.The Indian ALM framework rests on three pillars. Â · ALM Organisation (ALCO) The ALCO or the Asset Liability Management Committee consisting of the banks senior management including the CEO should be responsible for adhering to the limits set by the board as well as for deciding the business strategy of the bank in line with the banks budget and decided risk management objectives. ALCO is a decision-making unit responsible for balance sheet planning from a risk return perspective including strategic management of interest and liquidity risk. The banks may also authorise their Asset-Liability Management Committee (ALCO) to fix interest rates on Deposits and Advances, subject to their reporting to the Board immediately thereafter. The banks should also fix maximum spread over the PLR with the approval of the ALCO/Board for all advances other than consumer credit. Â · ALM Information System The ALM Information System is required for the collection of information accurately, adequately and expeditiously. Information is the key to the ALM process. A good information system gives the bank management a complete picture of the banks balance sheet. Â · ALM Process The basic ALM processes involving identification, measurement and management of risk parameter.The RBI in its guidelines has asked Indian banks to use traditional techniques like Gap Analysis for monitoring interest rate and liquidity risk. However RBI is expecting Indian banks to move towards sophisticated techniques like Duration, Simulation, VaR in the future. For the accrued portfolio, most Indian Private Sector banks use Gap analysis, but are gradually moving towards duration analysis. Most of the foreign banks use duration analysis and are expected to move towards advanced methods like Value at Risk for the entire balance sheet.some foreign banks are already using VaR for the entire balance sheet. Conclusion ALM has evolved since the early 1980s.Today, financial firms are increasingly using market value accounting for certain business lines. This is true of universal banks that have trading operations.Techniques of ALM have also evolved.The growth of OTC derivatives markets has facilitated a variety of hedging strategies. A significant development has been securitization, which allows firms to directly address asset-liability risk by removing assets or liabilities from their balance sheets. This not only eliminates asset-liability risk; it also frees up the balance sheet for new business. Thus, the scope of ALM activities has widened. Today, ALM departments are addressing (non-trading) foreign exchange risks as well as other risks. Also, ALM has extended to non-financial firms. Corporations have adopted techniques of ALM to address interest-rate exposures, liquidity risk and foreign exchange risk. They are using related techniques to address commodities risks. For example, airlines hedging of fuel prices or manufacturers hedging of steel prices are often presented as ALM. Thus it can be safely said that Asset Liability Management will continue to grow in future and an efficient ALM technique will go a long way in managing volume, mix, maturity, rate sensitivity, quality and liquidity of the assets and liabilities so as to earn a sufficient and acceptable return on the portfolio.

Patton, The Man Behind The Legend - 1733 Words

Patton, the Man Behind the Legend, 1885-1945. Zach Harper History 2200, U.S. History Since 1877 (to the Present) Dr. James Moulton 20 April 2016 Blumenson, Martin. (1985). Patton, the man behind the legend, 1885-1945. New York: Morrow. How would you define determination? Determination is often having the motivation and willpower to see a goal, a task or an idea through to the end. Throughout our history, there have been many events that have shaped or had an effect on our country and the rest of the world. One of the most important—World War II. If you were to ask many historians or military aficionados, most could agree that General George Smith Patton, Jr. stands out as one of the greatest of all time. In Martin†¦show more content†¦Patton Museum of Leadership and ever since that wonderful experience, I have taken on a new level of interest for General George S. Patton, one of the most remarkable leaders in United States history. Born on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California—George Smith Patton Jr’s story begins. â€Å"His ancestors had fought in the Revolutionary War, the Mexican War and the Civil War, and he grew up listening to stories of their brave and successful endeavors.† Son of George Smith Patton Sr. a lawyer and eventual district attorney in Los Angeles and wife, Ruth Wilson—Patton spent most of his early years alongside younger sister, Anne (called Nita) in the state of California and eventually went on to the Virginia Military Institute, graduating from WestPoint in 1909 and marrying wife, Beatrice (Bea) Ayer in 1910. While at WestPoint, Patton performed extremely well and became interested in their Sword Team—quickly becoming a highly regarded Swordsman. Once Patton graduated 46 out of 103, he was appointed as a second lieutenant in the cavalry. Patton experienced many struggles while growing up, including suffering from dyslexia and other learning-bas ed challenges while always remaining extremely self-conscious. Martin Blumenson tells his story so effortlessly—having served as a historical officer during World War II, Blumenson is an expert.

zara essay - 3760 Words

After Zaras first Australian store in Sydney reportedly sold out 80% of its stock (worth $1.2 million) in its opening day in 2011, sales figures in 2014 have revealed slowing sales momentum and increasing costs. Using the Resource-Based View of the firm (RBV) (Barney, 1986, 1991), critically evaluate the competitiveness of Zara within the Australian retail industry. The resource based view revolves around the notion of a firms tangible and intangible resources and capabilities allowing the firm to sustain a competitive advantage amongst its competitors. Zara being one of the biggest multinational fashion retailers of our time possesses many resources that enable Zara to maintain a competitive edge. Zara’s most noteworthy tangible†¦show more content†¦Secondly resources have to provide a unique strategy in order to be deemed rare as well as be limited in supply. Adding to this, the resource must be inimitable (reference). Meaning the resource itself must not be easy to duplicate, as competitors could quickly copy them, dissipating all potential for sustaining a competitive advantage (Cardeal Antonio, 2012). Aforementioned the rapid response of trends to stores is a resource deemed rare and hard to imitate relying on other resources such as Zara’s just in time management system and enabling vertical management within the co mpany. Lastly, a resource needs to be non-substitutable, suggesting that a resource cannot simply be replaced by another one, creating a competitive barrier (Lockett, Thompson, Morgenstern, 2009). Again the fast fashion concept utilized by Zara is unable to replace by another strategy and still remain as efficient. (ADD MORE). A company needs to care for and protect the resources possessing these above characteristics, and Zara does this by constantly maintaining and updating internal systems and processes. The VRIN characteristics are all individually necessary to develop and sustain competitive advantage, but each characteristic on its own is insufficient. (Priem Butler, 2001) Source: Boundless. â€Å"The Resource-Based View.† Boundless Management. Boundless, 08 Dec. 2014. Retrieved 03 May. 2015 fromShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Zara Business Model2190 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Zara is the most popular and profitable brand of Inditex SA, the world’s largest retail group. The first Zara store was launched in 1975 in La Coruà ±a, Spain; a city which eventually became the central headquarters for Zara’s global operations. In the beginning the store was named Zobra, but after a while the founder and CEO Amansio Ortega has renamed it to ZARA. The first international Zara store was opened in 1988 in Oporto, Portugal. Since then Zara has expanded its operations intoRead MorePorters Analysis of Zara Essay1934 Words   |  8 Pagesrelevant literature. Zara has been the major pioneer of ‘disposable’ fashion; which makes up over 12% of the UK clothing industry. Zara outperforms its rivals in profitability, brand identity, and its successful business model. I have used Porter’s five forces model (Porter, 1995) to analyse the industry and Zara’s strategic position. I have applied the theory of this model and its determinants to my research of Zara; providing evidence to form strong conclusions. Zara faces competition fromRead MoreEssay on Porter Analysis of the Zara Fashion Chain457 Words   |  2 PagesPorter Analysis of the Zara Fashion Chain The Zara fashion chain, with 546 stores in 30 countries today ?from which 340 are outside Spain- and ?2914,3 millions of total sales in 2002, is undoubtedly the group?s locomotive (Inditex, 2003). In 2002 it represented 33% of the group?s total stores, accounted for 72% of the group?s total sales and contributed to the holding?s total profits for ?540.4 millions (Inditex FY2002 Results Presentation, 2003). Moreover, Zara with 75-90 new stores withinRead MoreEssay on Zara Fast Fashion Case Study Solution4745 Words   |  19 PagesInditex’s relative operating economics? Its relative capital efficiency? Even though Hamp;M follows a strategy which differs significantly from Inditex’s approach it is the closest competitor from the financial point of view. Hamp;M differs from Zara because it outsources all of the production, it is more price oriented and spends more money on advertising. But both companies are based in Europe, are fashion forward at lower price retailers, and have a strong international expansion strategy. ExhibitRead MoreZara Operational Performance2583 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Essay Question: Identify the corporate strategy of the clothing retailer Zara and discuss how the five operations performance objectives support Zara’s corporate strategy. In addition explain the external benefits of these five objectives. Words: 2597 ZARA INTRODUCTION Zara is Spanish clothing and accessories retailer part of the holding group Inditex which is one of the world’s largest fashion groups. At the close of 2012, Zara had 1,925 stores in its eight sales formats in 86 marketsRead MoreZara Success2041 Words   |  9 PagesMarketing Channels: Zara | One global retailer is expanding at a dizzying pace. Its on track for what appears to be world domination of its industry. Having built its own state-of-the art distribution network, the company is leaving the competition in the dust in terms of sales and profits, not to mention speed of inventory management and turnover. Wal-Mart you might think? Dell possibly? Although these two retail giants definitely fit the description, were talking here about Zara, the flagship specialtyRead MoreZara Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesQ 1. What are the unique features of Zaras business model ? Zara is one of the six retailing chains owned by Inditex (Industria de Diseilo Textil) of Spain who designs, manufactures, and sells apparel, footwear, and accessories for women, men, and children through Zara and five other chains around the world. The traditional global apparel chain had been characterized as a prototypical example of a buyer-driven global chain, in which profits derived from unique combinations of high-value researchRead MoreEssay on Zara14845 Words   |  60 PagesSTRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PAPER ZARA Created By: Anggita Sulisetiasih 1006718706 Kenji Wibawa Junardy 1006718990 Patricia M. A. Adam 1006805694 International Undergraduate Program Faculty of Economics University of Indonesia Depok 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 4 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1. Company Background 4 1.2. Vision and Mission 4 1.3. Long-term Objectives 5 Chapter 2 6 VISION – MISSION ANALYSIS 6 2.1. Importance (Benefits) of Vision and Mission Statements 6 Read MoreZara case study Essay2280 Words   |  10 Pagesexplanation about Zara’s day to day operations, why and how have they become as successful as they are today. What makes them different from other companies and how they meet there and their customers demands in such a demanding and competitive industry. Zara is a Spanish owned fashion label and fashion chain stores established in 1975 by the group known as Inditex owned by Amancio Ortega, it sells up to the minute fashion products in men women and kids wear at affordable prices in stores that are clearlyRead MoreEssay on Zara Case1442 Words   |  6 Pageseconomics, is low cost, high control, and quick turnaround. Zara is just one of six retail stores operated by, Inditex, the parent company. Inditex owns Comditel, a subsidiary, which manages the dyeing, patterning, and finishing of gray fabric and supplied finished fabric to external as well as in-house manufacturers. By owning this company, Zara is able to maintain low cost production while being able to finish fabric in a week. Zara has the ability to obtain its main raw materials as well as

Macbeth Evil is in Vain and Shall Never Sustain free essay sample

A look at the fall of Macbeth. This paper argues that: in the end, Macbeth allowed himself to fall victim to the temptations of evil through conscious hesitation and a tragic ambition for power, fortifying Shakespeares purpose and condemning malevolence against the throne. Macbeth stands as one of Shakespeares most enduring plays, weaving a mix of stoic courage, false pride, corrupt ambition, and desperate wrath into a work which ends in a symbolic exhibition of the tragic heros head. Despite this however, Shakespeare directs his audience to recognize the natural order of the denouement, preserving the divine right of kings and ensuring to his Stuart ruler that the monarchy will always prevail over evil. Macbeth reveals his tragic flaw by failing to recognize this fundamental law. Once a valiant and loyal defender of the king, Macbeth is overwhelmed by the tenacity of his wifes lust for the throne as well as the demonic visions of three wicked witches. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth: Evil is in Vain and Shall Never Sustain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the end, however, Macbeth allowed himself to fall victim to the temptations of evil through conscious hesitation and a tragic ambition for power, fortifying Shakespeares purpose and condemning malevolence against the throne.

California Environment Essays - Environment Of California

California Environment A key environmental challenge not only in the Central Valley but also in all of California is how to protect and preserve both the regions agricultural resources and its coastal boundaries. California is a unique state; we are basically a bunch of states/separate regions that are all encompassed under one defined boundary. We have a large coastline, industry, agriculture, mountains, forests, deserts, valleys, large and small cities, and major interstate trade and transportation systems. Two things distinguish our agricultural resources from others: our coastline, and our states geographic diversity in regards to other states. As the state grows the question of where to put things is brought up. The pressures of urban sprawl in California have been evident for many years. The combination of California's growing environmental awareness, and its refocus on agricultural importance have prompted many policy tools to protect not only agriculture, but our coastlines as well. Over the years, many policy tools have been proposed; some have been accepted and others for various reasons (political, economic, and other) have not. Two existing tools for protecting agricultural lands and our coastlines are; The Williamson Act/Land Conservation Act and the California Coastal Act. Each are intended to protect California's resources. To combat the pressures of urban sprawl on California's agricultural lands, the California Land Conservation Act was passed in 1965. It was nicknamed the Williamson Act for its writer, Assemblyman John Williamson of Bakersfield (Mayer, Fence 2). The law was originally designed to keep agricultural lands in agriculture. This was proposed by offering property tax breaks for farmers and ranchers through a ten-year contract. This idea of protecting privately owned farmland from development for ten years through an agreement between the farmers, the county and the state, appealed to many. The popularity of this act is evident throughout California. In Kern County there is more than 1.6 million acres of agricultural related land (valley, foothills, mountains) currently under contract. "Kern county represents grow, by 2020 population in the county is expected to double" (Zapata 1). Kern County is important because it is a key agricultural area in California. Los Angeles and Fresno/San Joaguin Vallies grow closer each day. The area is a major supplier of oil and agriculture. The Williamson Act appealed to many farmers, addressing the issue of raising property taxes, letting them continue to farm. Property taxes were a major concern to the farmers who were feeling the effects of sprawl, especially the smaller farmers. Under the Williamson Act, landowners tax savings could range anywhere from 30-70% depending on what their land is being used for and what commodities it produces. The Act saves farmers a lot of money, in Kern County a total of about 15 million a year. Under the agreement the state then reimburses the counties some of this revenue, about 5 million in Kern County (Mayer, Williamson 2). All of the agricultural lands in California are eligible for the Williamson Act. It does not matter if the land is in the path of development or not. It does not matter what the land is being used for (farming or grazing). The Act's objective is to protect agricultural lands on both the urban fringe and those elsewhere that may be the product of leapfrog development. The ten-year agreement between the landowners and the state renews itself each year automatically. Landowners have two options out of the agreement, cancellation and non-renewal, both of which impose stiff penalties. The penalties amount to a predetermined percentage of the lands total market value. The main objective of the Williamson Act is to slow urbanization. The Act was not created to stop it; it was made to delay the inevitable. The Williamson Act is both good and bad. It does indeed slow urbanization, but the areas that need the most attention (urban fringe) are not really impacted. The Act saves farmers money in the form of property taxes and it does compensate the counties, but this compensation does not balance what is lost. In Kern County the difference is 10 million dollars, money the county is simply out of. Another thing, a ten-year agreement may sound like a long time for the preservation of land but it is not. "Is ten years to short? It probably is if the goal is the preservation of farmland" (Mayer, Williamson 2). Some landowners even find ways to actually benefit from the act. A developmental powerhouse may receive the tax break for their ten years and when they fulfill their obligation they develop the land anyway. This of course is not the ideal situation

Tips for Reading and Enjoying a Dramatic Play

Tips for Reading and Enjoying a Dramatic Play In order to understand and appreciate a play, its important not only to watch it being performed but to read it. Seeing actors and directors interpretations of a play can help create a more fully-formed opinion, but sometimes the nuances of stage directions on the written page can inform as well. From Shakespeare to Stoppard, all plays change with each performance, so reading the written work either before or after viewing a performance can help further enjoyment of dramatic plays. Here are some suggestions for how to closely read and fully enjoy a dramatic play. Whats in a Name? The title of a play can often provide insight about the plays tone, and hints to the playwrights intention. Is there symbolism implied in the plays name? Find out something about the playwright, or his/her other works, and the historical context of the play. You can usually learn a lot by finding out what element and themes are in the play; these arent necessarily written on the pages, but inform the work nonetheless. For instance, Anton Chekhovs The Cherry Orchard is indeed about a family who loses their home and its cherry orchard. But a close reading (and some knowledge of Chekhovs life) suggest the cherry trees are symbols of the playwrights dismay at the deforestation and industrialization of rural Russia. In other words, it often helps to see the forest for the (cherry) trees when analyzing a plays title. The Plays the Thing If there are parts of the play that you dont understand, read the lines aloud. Visualize what the lines would sound like, or what an actor would look like speaking the lines. Pay attention to stage direction: Do they enhance your comprehension of the play, or make it more confusing? Try to determine if there is a definitive or interesting performance of the play you can watch. For example, Laurence Oliviers 1948 film version of Hamlet won an Academy Award for Best Picture and he won Best Actor. But the film was considered highly controversial, in literary circles especially, because Olivier  eliminated three minor characters and cut Shakespeares dialogue. See if you can spot the differences in the original text and Oliviers interpretation. Who Are These People? The characters in the play can tell you a lot if youre paying attention to more than just the lines they speak. What are their names? How does the playwright describe them? Are they helping the playwright convey a central theme or plot point? Take Samuel Becketts 1953 play  Waiting for Godot, which has a character named Lucky. Hes a slave who is badly mistreated and eventually, mute. Why, then, is his name Lucky when he would seem to be just the opposite? Where (and When) Are We Now? We can learn a lot about a play by examining where and when it is set, and how the setting affects the overall feel of the play. August Wilsons Tony Award-winning 1983 play Fences is part of his Pittsburgh Cycle of plays set in the Hill District neighborhood of Pittsburgh. There are numerous references throughout Fences to Pittsburgh landmarks, even though its never explicitly stated that thats where the action takes place. But consider this: Could this play about an African-American family struggling during the 1950s have been set elsewhere and had the same impact? And Finally, Go Back to the Beginning Read the introduction before and after you read the play. If you have a critical edition of the play, also read any essays about the play. Do you agree with the essays analysis of the play in question? Do the authors of various analyses agree with each other in their interpretation of the same play? By taking a little extra time to examine a play and its context, we can glean a much better appreciation of the playwright and his or her intentions, and thus have a complete understanding of the work itself.

M7A1 Theory and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

M7A1 Theory and Development - Essay Example As a function of this understanding and approach, the following discussion will be concentric upon defining Klein’s integrated control theory, discussing the organizational elements that are needed to support this model, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses that it portends, and summarizing the findings that will have been engaged. It is the further hope of this author that such a level of understanding will provide the reader with a more informed understanding for how the integrated control theory differs from traditional understandings of control theory that have been put forward within managerial literature and training for many decades. As even a cursory level of analysis reveals, the Klein model of integrated control theory is primarily focused on the need and ability of the manager and employee to work towards a mutual goal via effective forms of two way communication (Jiang et al., 2014). Yet, before determining that what Klein is proposing is nothing more than a cooperative level of engagement, the reader would do well to consider the fact that within the communication pattern, the manager is encouraged to understand and seek to impact upon attitudes and effectors of attitudes that are ultimately responsible for why a given project or task is off track. By understanding elements related to situational factors, behavior change, performance, feedback, and attitudes, Klein promoted the understanding that key organizational factors had a primary and measurable effect with respect to the overall efficacy of the â€Å"control† process of management (Mi, 2014). Furthermore, it should be understood that prior to the Klein model of interpreting control within the integrative control theory, the process was one that did not factor in such nuances. As has been previously alluded to, the failure of other models to

Organisational Information Systems (OIS) - report assignment Essay

Organisational Information Systems (OIS) - report assignment - Essay Example tion and data on the multiplicity of aspects of the association’s working circumstances like that the victims, further organizations, release dealers, as well as the neighborhood administration. It as well as comprises information on movements and models, with expansions in the society and civilizing situations in which the business carries out its operations. This kind of financial information has long-standing proposition to the association and helps in extensive assortment, tactical planning 13 The internet is growing as the most important technology platform for the electronic commerce. Equally of the essence, Internet technology is being more and more functional to smooth the progress of the management of rest of the business publishing employee personnel strategies, analyzing account balances and production plans, setting up plant repairs and maintenance, and improving design documents. Organizations are getting advantage of the connectivity and ease of use of the internet technology to produce internal corporate networks called intranets that are based on internet technology. Making use of these private intranets for the organizational communication, group effort, and management is elevated. We make use of the expression electronic business to make a distinction among these uses of internet of digital technology for the management and bringing together the other business processes from the electronic commerce. By giving out information through the electronic networks, electronic business enlarges the reach of on hand management. Managers use email, web documents, and work- group software to successfully correspond regularly with thousands of employees, and even to supervise remote assignments and teams. These jobs would be unworkable in opposite traditional organizations (Kenneth, 1999). 21 3.Christine Hagn, Wemhard H. Markwitz, 2000, Mobile Teleworking: Some Solutions and Information Security Aspects, Siemens AG, Information and Communication Products,

Observation and Coaching Essay Example for Free

Observation and Coaching Essay Much about conversation depends on the rapport between the two parties. As Clutterback explains in his title; â€Å"Creating a Coaching Culture,† the quality of a relationship is determined by the rapport between the two parties in it. A good rapport implies a healthy relationship and therefore a learning conversation. Observations of people in conversation can reveal a great deal about the rapport between them and therefore an insight into the relationship they share. The tell-tell signs will be the body language of the parties in conversation as well as the brief moments of silence they share as part of their conversation. After all 55% of communication is done via our body language and facial expression (Albert Mehrabian – Best Practice in Performance Coaching). Though this task required the observation of the conversation of just a group, I must admit that I had to observer a number of groups in a number of settings before focusing on one. As I carried out these observations, the variations coupled with the literature on the subject brought out very many insights into the power of conversation and the enormity of the focus necessary, as a coach, to execute successfully, a learning dialogue. Staying in control is the ultimate goal and even when going down a slippery slope it is you who would have to determine how far down the slide goes. The Setting In my observations, I discovered that social environment in which the conversation takes place can have a great deal to do with the nature of the conversation. Cafes make for very fast light hearted conversations without much pause or reflection from either parties whilst parks and restaurants allowed for a slower pace of conversation with lots of moments of silence presumably accompanied by deep thought and reflection. The setting also shows disposition to certain types of body language expressed by the parties in conversation. Perhaps it is to do with the pace of the conversation or perhaps the social attributes of the environment. People I observe in parks and restaurants tend to demonstrate more closeness and rapport through their body language than those in cafes would. There were longer moments of eye contact, heavier body contact and more varied facial expressions. This is by no means a scientific conclusion on the impact of the conversational setting on the conversation we have as people but however a cue to pay greater attention to the setting of a coaching session with a coachee. I would imagine, the first step in taking control of the conversation is allowing the setting to be conducive to the objective of the coaching session. As I have noticed in the brief observations I have had, the right setting will allow for the right expressions from both parties and therefore facilitate the depth of the conversation. The danger however is to ignore the casual attributions which may then arise from the cultural dispositions of me as a coach and from the coachee as an individual towards their actions in relation to the environment. Casual Attributions in Conversation The reason why I would like to discuss this at this point is because it plays a lot in our reading, perception and judgement of conversation and particularly body language. The casual attribution theory discusses the reason for the judgement we make on why a person behaves or behaved the way they did. Psychological research on attribution has primarily studied the cause of another person’s behaviour. Attributions are ubiquitous in everyday life and as such are easily overlooked in our everyday conversations. As a coach, I believe it is very important to be acutely aware of the attributions we may place on a coachee’s behaviour or reactions and endeavour to keep an open and non-judgemental mind. This will allow our conversations to be much more forthcoming. Heider (1958) purports that perceivers (a role we would occupy as coaches) seek to attribute fleeting behaviour to stable dispositions. They tend to trace action to dispositions of the actor. In other words, a coach might be caught up in making judgements on the actions of the coachee based on the knowledge the coach has gained on the coachee as a person. This tendency was designated by Ross and Nisbett (1991) the fundamental attribution error. When I reflected on my preference to attribution, I noticed that I have a tendency to gravitate towards individualistic attribution tendencies. As a result to be a better coach it necessitates me to actively seek to balance this. Conversation is a two way process and therefore, awareness of the attributions that the coachee might be predisposed to will be vital. Sometimes the coachee’s action might be a reaction to your action(s) as a coach. It will be important to understand the coachee’s attribution tendencies thereby enabling you not only to manage your expressions (body language) but also to fully understand any actions by your coachee. Miller’s research in 1984 provided evidence that understanding of cultures is imperative in understanding the underlying reactions in conversation. Cultural psychology separates the cultures into individualistic and collectivist with both groups showing different tendencies of attribution. I therefore feel understanding your coachee’s background will be an important step towards achieving a learning conversation. Body Language and Rapport Alebert Merhabian’s theory suggests that when people have a rapport between them, they tend to have mirrored body language (Best Practice in Perfomance Coaching; Carol Wilson p129). This was explicit in my observations. I could tell when both parties exhibit mirrored body language such as leaning towards each other and laughing in tandem. This was a clear sign of the rapport between the parties, a significant indication of the intensity of the conversation. It is my belief that a good rapport between two parties in a conversation will make for easy listening enabling the listener to move up the levels of listening (Carol Wilson p21). The rapport between the two will aid in â€Å"cocooning† the conversation and allow for very minimal distraction. As a coach the objective will be to aim for intuitive listening thus developing a good rapport with the coachee is a step in the right direction. As Carol Wilson explains in her book – Best Practice in Performance Coaching – coaching only truly happens when we listen at higher levels i. e. intuitive listening. On the other hand, contrasting body language in a conversation can be indicative of a negative rapport between the parties in conversation. This might lead to a strained and unproductive conversation. Sometimes, it is necessary to stop and look at the underlying factors for the lack of rapport as opposed to â€Å"forcing† the situation by actively trying to mirror your coachee’s body language. This can at times go right down to the setting or environment or possibly the casual attributions tendencies of both individuals. Summary Conclusion Much has been written about communication and conversation. It remains a powerful tool in coaching and therefore the greater the understanding we have as coaches, the better we will be able to use the conversation tool in executing our duties. In this report, I have looked at the impact on communication and conversation of three different aspects and seen how I can better prepare myself as a coach. My observations were a great cue towards helping me understanding communication. To attain my ultimate goal of always remaining in control, there are a good number of things to take into consideration. A lot in this report has focussed on the non-verbal aspects of the communication process. During the observation, I remained a good distance from the target group and therefore could not match the verbal communication to the non-verbal patterns that I observed. I am intrigued to know what the relation between the two will be. Are words a reflection of feelings? Are we more likely to control our physical expressions to avoid â€Å"causing a scene† in a public place? Are we mostly acutely aware of our surroundings? These are questions to which we might have no answers but can be used as important guides in analysing and controlling conversation. I have learned a great deal from these observations to make me a better coach. It is very important to understand and interpret non verbal cues in conversation paying particular attention to our own personal attributions as coaches that we might bring into the relationship.

Ku Klux Klan :: Ku Klux Klan

In the spring of 1866, A year after the civil war had ended; Six confederate veterans formed a social club in the town of Pulaski, Tennessee. Just out of the war and looking for excitement they formed a secret society which they named the Ku Klux Klan. The name came from the Greek word Kuklos, meaning circle. This small group started as a harmless fun loving group, developed into one of the largest, most violent groups in American History. The original group only lasted a few years, and left a permanent impression, rituals that people today still use. Klan supporters saw the group as a protector of a certain way of life and the white race. The original Klan shut down in 1872. On Thanksgiving Night 1915, The Klan struck again. Sixteen men from Atlanta, Georgia went to the top of the mountain and set up for a Klan ritual. They built an altar of stones, on which they placed on American Flag, a bible and a sword. Then the men erected a sixteen-foot high cross and lit it on fire. William Joseph Simmons was the leader of the new Klan. William, son of an ex Klan member, heard his dad speck of Klan stories and wanted to â€Å"Frighten the Dark people† himself. In the early 1920’s the Klan traveled on a wave of terror in the south and southwest. As the violence spread a pattern appeared. The majority of the Victorian’s were whites who had broken some kind of moral code. Such as Bootleggers, Gamblers, were favorite targets. The Klan would parade the streets at night as a reminder of the constant terror they haunted a southern town with. By taking the law into their own hands the Klan made sure the laws were respected. Hooded Klansmen sometimes took their victims in brood daylight but mostly they piled into cars and went â€Å"nightriding†. Klansmen used whips to punish those victims. Once they finished whipping they would pour hot tar on them and sprinkle feathers on them. This would add insult to injury. I n 1921, the Klan was brought to trial for the murder of a black man who had been a known drunk in his hometown. Simmons, Klan leader, stepped up in front of congress and swore on the holy bible that the Klan â€Å"never had been and never will be involved in violent acts†. In 1922, the Klan used its anti-Catholic appeal to capture control of the Oregon St. Ku Klux Klan :: Ku Klux Klan In the spring of 1866, A year after the civil war had ended; Six confederate veterans formed a social club in the town of Pulaski, Tennessee. Just out of the war and looking for excitement they formed a secret society which they named the Ku Klux Klan. The name came from the Greek word Kuklos, meaning circle. This small group started as a harmless fun loving group, developed into one of the largest, most violent groups in American History. The original group only lasted a few years, and left a permanent impression, rituals that people today still use. Klan supporters saw the group as a protector of a certain way of life and the white race. The original Klan shut down in 1872. On Thanksgiving Night 1915, The Klan struck again. Sixteen men from Atlanta, Georgia went to the top of the mountain and set up for a Klan ritual. They built an altar of stones, on which they placed on American Flag, a bible and a sword. Then the men erected a sixteen-foot high cross and lit it on fire. William Joseph Simmons was the leader of the new Klan. William, son of an ex Klan member, heard his dad speck of Klan stories and wanted to â€Å"Frighten the Dark people† himself. In the early 1920’s the Klan traveled on a wave of terror in the south and southwest. As the violence spread a pattern appeared. The majority of the Victorian’s were whites who had broken some kind of moral code. Such as Bootleggers, Gamblers, were favorite targets. The Klan would parade the streets at night as a reminder of the constant terror they haunted a southern town with. By taking the law into their own hands the Klan made sure the laws were respected. Hooded Klansmen sometimes took their victims in brood daylight but mostly they piled into cars and went â€Å"nightriding†. Klansmen used whips to punish those victims. Once they finished whipping they would pour hot tar on them and sprinkle feathers on them. This would add insult to injury. I n 1921, the Klan was brought to trial for the murder of a black man who had been a known drunk in his hometown. Simmons, Klan leader, stepped up in front of congress and swore on the holy bible that the Klan â€Å"never had been and never will be involved in violent acts†. In 1922, the Klan used its anti-Catholic appeal to capture control of the Oregon St.

Part Three Chapter X

X Parminder worked late on Monday evenings, and as Vikram was usually at the hospital, the three Jawanda children laid the table and cooked for themselves. Sometimes they squabbled; occasionally they had a laugh; but today, each was absorbed in their own particular thoughts, and the job was completed with unusual efficiency in near silence. Sukhvinder had not told her brother or her sister that she had tried to truant, or about Krystal Weedon's threat to beat her up. The habit of secrecy was very strong in her these days. She was actively frightened of imparting confidences, because she feared that they might betray the world of oddness that lived inside her, the world that Fats Wall seemed able to penetrate with such terrifying ease. All the same, she knew that the events of the day could not be kept quiet indefinitely. Tessa had told her that she intended to telephone Parminder. ‘I'm going to have to call your mum, Sukhvinder, it's what we always do, but I'm going to explain to her why you did it.' Sukhvinder had felt almost warm towards Tessa, even though she was Fats Wall's mother. Frightened though she was of her mother's reaction, a tiny little glow of hope had kindled inside her at the thought of Tessa interceding for her. Would the realization of Sukhvinder's desperation lead, at last, to some crack in her mother's implacable disapproval, her disappointment, her endless stone-faced criticism? When the front door opened at last, she heard her mother speaking Punjabi. ‘Oh, not the bloody farm again,' groaned Jaswant, who had cocked an ear to the door. The Jawandas owned a patch of ancestral land in the Punjab, which Parminder, the oldest, had inherited from their father in the absence of sons. The farm occupied a place in the family consciousness that Jaswant and Sukhvinder had sometimes discussed. To their slightly amused astonishment, a few of their older relatives seemed to live in the expectation that the whole family would move back there one day. Parminder's father had sent money back to the farm all his life. It was tenanted and worked by second cousins, who seemed surly and embittered. The farm caused regular arguments among her mother's family. ‘Nani's gone off on one again,' interpreted Jaswant, as Parminder's muffled voice penetrated the door. Parminder had taught her first-born some Punjabi, and Jaz had picked up a lot more from their cousins. Sukhvinder's dyslexia had been too severe to enable her to learn two languages and the attempt had been abandoned. ‘†¦ Harpreet still wants to sell off that bit for the road †¦' Sukhvinder heard Parminder kicking off her shoes. She wished that her mother had not been bothered about the farm tonight of all nights; it never put her into a good mood; and when Parminder pushed open the kitchen door and she saw her mother's tight mask-like face, her courage failed her completely. Parminder acknowledged Jaswant and Rajpal with a slight wave of her hand, but she pointed at Sukhvinder and then towards a kitchen chair, indicating that she was to sit down and wait for the call to end. Jaswant and Rajpal drifted back upstairs. Sukhvinder waited beneath the wall of photographs, in which her relative inadequacy was displayed for the world to see, pinned to her chair by her mother's silent command. On and on went the call, until at long last Parminder said goodbye and cut the connection. When she turned to look at her daughter Sukhvinder knew, instantly, before a word was spoken, that she had been wrong to hope. ‘So,' said Parminder. ‘I had a call from Tessa while I was at work. I expect you know what it was about.' Sukhvinder nodded. Her mouth seemed to be full of cotton wool. Parminder's rage crashed over her like a tidal wave, dragging Sukhvinder with it, so that she was unable to find her feet or right herself. ‘Why? Why? Is this copying the London girl, again – are you trying to impress her? Jaz and Raj never behave like this, never – why do you? What's wrong with you? Are you proud of being lazy and sloppy? Do you think it's cool to act like a delinquent? How do you think I felt when Tessa told me? Called at work – I've never been so ashamed – I'm disgusted by you, do you hear me? Do we not give you enough? Do we not help you enough? What is wrong with you, Sukhvinder?' In desperation, Sukhvinder tried to break through her mother's tirade, and mentioned the name Krystal Weedon – ‘Krystal Weedon!' shouted Parminder. ‘That stupid girl! Why are you paying attention to anything she says? Did you tell her I tried to keep her damn great-grandmother alive? Did you tell her that?' ‘I – no – ‘ ‘If you're going to care about what the likes of Krystal Weedon says, there's no hope for you! Perhaps that's your natural level, is it, Sukhvinder? You want to play truant and work in a cafe and waste all your opportunities for education, because that's easier? Is that what being in a team with Krystal Weedon taught you – to sink to her level?' Sukhvinder thought of Krystal and her gang, raring to go on the opposite kerb, waiting for a break in the cars. What would it take to make her mother understand? An hour ago she had had the tiniest fantasy that she might confide in her mother, at last, about Fats Wall †¦ ‘Get out of my sight! Go! I'll speak to your father when he comes in – go!' Sukhvinder walked upstairs. Jaswant called from her bedroom: ‘What was all that shouting about?' Sukhvinder did not answer. She proceeded to her own room, where she closed the door and sat down on the edge of her bed. What's wrong with you, Sukhvinder? You disgust me. Are you proud of being lazy and sloppy? What had she expected? Warm encircling arms and comfort? When had she ever been hugged and held by Parminder? There was more comfort to be had from the razor blade hidden in her stuffed rabbit; but the desire, mounting to a need, to cut and bleed, could not be satisfied by daylight, with the family awake and her father on his way. The dark lake of desperation and pain that lived in Sukhvinder and yearned for release was in flames, as if it had been fuel all along. Let her see how it feels. She got up, crossed her bedroom in a few strides, and dropping into the chair by her desk, pounded at the keyboard of her computer. Sukhvinder had been just as interested as Andrew Price when that stupid supply teacher had tried to impress them with his cool in computing. Unlike Andrew and a couple of the other boys, Sukhvinder had not plied the teacher with questions about the hacking; she had merely gone home quietly and looked it all up online. Nearly every modern website was proof against a classic SQL injection, but when Sukhvinder had heard her mother discussing the anonymous attack on the Pagford Parish Council website, it had occurred to Sukhvinder that the security on that feeble old site was probably minimal. Sukhvinder always found it much easier to type than to write, and computer code easier to read than long strings of words. It did not take very long for her to retrieve a site that gave explicit instructions for the simplest form of SQL injection. Then she brought up the Parish Council website. It took her five minutes to hack the site, and then only because she had transcribed the code wrong the first time. To her astonishment, she discovered that whoever was administering the site had not removed the user details of The_Ghost_of_Barry_Fairbrother from the database, but merely deleted the post. It would be child's play, therefore, to post in the same name. It took Sukhvinder much longer to compose the message than it had to hack into the site. She had carried the secret accusation with her for months, ever since New Year's Eve, when she had noticed with wonder her mother's face, at ten to midnight, from the corner of the party where she was hiding. She typed slowly. Autocorrect helped with her spelling. She was not afraid that Parminder would check her computer history; her mother knew so little about her, and about what went on in this bedroom, that she would never suspect her lazy, stupid, sloppy daughter. Sukhvinder pressed the mouse like a trigger.

Differences Between Quantitative And Qualitative Research

To begin with, sociology is the systematic study of groups and group interactions, society and social interactions from small and personal groups to very large groups(cite). Sociology is considered a science being that it is the study of not only the behavior of different groups within these societies but also, the social movements that happen within these societies and analysis of large social factors which help with having a better understanding of the people who live within these societies. There are many differences between both Quantitative and Qualitative research. First starting with what quantitative research is data that uses statistical methods such as surveys dealing with large numbers of participants within a study is collected†¦show more content†¦There are different needs for each method and usually the scientist tends to go with the best one that will help find the most data for their study. Research ethics are the formal guidelines that researchers must follo w when conducting not only sociological research but usually any research in general that consist of principles and ethical stands to be used in the discipline. The reason these ethics exist is because researchers who conduct the studies must make sure they are ensuring the safety and accounting for any risk that the study they are conducting do not influence or harm any of the participants who are in the study and if there is a possibility for harm they are accountable and offer help with offering outside services like therapy and or counseling. Some ethical concerns of the Stanford Prison experiment that were major is that there was lack of fully informed consent by the participants of the experiment, there were no protection of the psychological harm, when the students who were playing inmates were humiliated and distress. The researchers did not account for the students falling into the roles of prisoner and officers guard so good. Some long term negative effects that could hav e transpired from this experiment is emotional distress or post-traumatic stress disorder due to the experiment realness. As this showed when one of the participants ended up leaving when only participating in theShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesQualitative research, still called in-depth study or study of motivation. The studies on expectations, motivations, images and other value judgments of the consumers while giving results which we cannot quantify. According to Choy this type approach is highly self-aware acknowledgment of social self, or of a research’s position in society (Choy, 2014:99). A quantitative research is a market study which the results can be quantified and the representativeness can be exactly measured. According toRead MoreDifference Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research968 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the major differences between the qualitative and quantitative research i n regards to the sample was the size of the sample. The qualitative sample had nine participants and the qualitative had a return rate of 1695 students and 1556 teachers. Another difference between the two studies is the quantitative used a random sampling method, whereas the qualitative study used criterion sampling with the criteria being that they were teachers in K-12 who taught/used mobile learning devices. TheRead MoreDifference Between Quantitative And Qualitative Research752 Words   |  4 PagesFor many who are new to research, there is little difference between quantitative and qualitative research. Key words to define quantitative research include empirical and statistics, while words to denote qualitative include subjective and naturalistic. However, for many research scholars, the differences between the models are vast. Much of the debate centers around validity that surrounds the heterogeneous methods used to determine outcomes in qualitative research (Madill Go ugh, 2008). OpposingRead MoreDifferences Between Quantitative Research And Qualitative Research794 Words   |  4 Pages1. Explain the differences between quantitative research and qualitative research. Qualitative research collects non-numerical data to describe events or phenomena. On the other hand, quantitative research uses numeric data with statistical methods to investigate phenomena. (Melnyk Fineout-Overholt, 2015, p. 609). Qualitative studies address human responses to particular situations or events with an emphasis on interviews and observations. The results are reported from the participant’s pointRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research Essay1865 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Similarities and Differences in Qualitative and Quantitative Research Quantitative research is defined as research that gathers numeric data through controlled procedures and analyses to answer predetermined questions or test hypotheses (Ary et al, 2010). In contrast, Ary et al defines qualitative research as a generic term for a variety of research approaches that generally gather non-numeric data to study phenomena, without predetermined hypotheses. A few differences are noted in the definitionsRead MoreDifference between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology606 Words   |  2 PagesThe quantitative problem statement: its question and proposed method I would like to see whether growth can be predicted for a certain company with introduction of a certain product. Quota sampling is ideal for this situation since it specifies the quota of particular people that need to be included to represent the population. In this case, we would want a balanced sample of all types of users as well as their amount of usage. (Breakwell, 2007). A survey would be conducted, either in the storeRead MoreEssay on Qualitative and Quantitative Research889 Words   |  4 Pages Qualitative and Quantitative study designs both can be beneficial in research design. They both provide valuable options for researchers in the field. These techniques can either be used separately in a research study or they can be combined to achieve maximum information. This paper will define the terms qualitative and quantitative; describe the similarities and differences between each; discuss how qualitative and/or quantitative research designs or techniques could be used in the evaluationRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods936 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative and quantitative research methods are two alternative applications for research methods. Both are very different in how data is collected, what data is collected, and how data is measured. Both of these research methods are utilized amongst the major areas of psychol ogy and the social sciences. This paper will provide a brief description of qualitative and quantitative methods, provide the differences between the two approaches along with the terminology used for both; I will alsoRead MoreWeek 1 RSCH 8300860 Words   |  4 PagesInitial post Comparing Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Researchers often times are faced with the decision of choosing a methodology of research; either Quantitative or Qualitative that they think best fits their study and objectives. This choice is guarded by the topic of study, the advantages and disadvantages, and the strengths and weaknesses of using either one or the other type of the methodologies. Researchers are sometimes using Quantitative and Qualitative research methodologies interchangeablyRead MoreThe Definition Of Science And Research Methods1189 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is science? A brief elaboration of the definition of science and research methods INTRODUCTION Science is a complex activity, which may be defined in a number of ways. To unite both the process and the product of science, one way to define science is as a process of constructing predictive conceptual models (Gilbert, 1991). Gilbert (1991) states, when referring to Kuhn (1970, Lunetta Hofstein (1981), Miller (1978) and Stevens Collins (1980) that in essence, ‘’the definition of science